In this paper the author focuses on Spanish political questions related with regional and national autonomous communities. The main approach is devoted to the analysis of the kind of Catalan integration in the context of contemporary Spain/State/Nation. The items more analyzed are adaptive strategies resulting of the dialectical confrontations between the central Spanish government institutions and Catalan self government. It is also discussed the asymmetrical composition of regional identities with respect to Catalonia in terms of culture, language, history and ethnic identity. Moreover, the author emphasize the economic and linguistic problems, including bilingualism, and the emerging questions related with the learning and political meaning associated with the use of Catalan and Castilian language in Catalonia. Additionally, Esteva refers to the practice of a kind of symmetrical federalism while at the same time Catalans reject it, considering in that sense nationalistic parties prefers political free association or a confederal pact with Spanish State.